Advantages and Disadvantages of Merges and Acquisitions

Advantages and Disadvantages of Merges and Acquisitions Acquisitions and Mergers sounds like it is a never ending story, the markets are global and the competition is already impossible. Lots of research have already found that nearly 50 percent of mergers and acquisitions are not effective economically ; so what is the main reason that MAs are still on progress. The possibility of being unsuccessful is increasing. The reason is that these companies are basically large and they are based on complex systems, after merger process, if the activity still shows low performance, the lost might be more than expected. Also this negative situation brings another research process which costs extra to the business while requirement to be successful is getting less for the firms. The process which should insist more details and have a better illustrative level of the business. The aim of my proposal is to examine advantages, disadvantages and motives of mergers and acquisitions. To find out if they show difference through the Merger process and there is any change along last decennium. To find solutions to these problems sometimes quantitive financial analyses will be used and sometimes management performance data. The data will be gained from different industrial organisations. My work is to evaluate the previous researches and theories to mention advantages and disadvantages of this process. INTRODUCTION This dissertation examines the firms mergers and take-over situations to make informative illustrations about company amalgamations. Some chances may be necessary for companies in order to improve their adaptability towards changing and developing markets all over the world. These changes take some forms such as mergers of the companies to increase their power or take – over of a firm by another one. Recent days, there is a tough competition between firms which produce exactly identical or similar products. The companies which keep doing business in the market by keeping their existing size stay behind some firms that merge their powers with others. In addition to these companies that have merger, the co-operations could be made with firms which provide production and logistic needs without any problems ; therefore, all work forces could be used effectively in appropriate profession. Furthermore, the companies which believe in adversity of the development by having a single product or service might try to reduce risk level by having a merger with a corporation which produces different product or service. Th is may cause the company mergers. The possibly important point in the merger of a company is the tax benefits . The company which makes a merger decisions should make some analyses for the purpose of inspecting the propriety of the decision. The reasons of the merger should be investigated very well and the results ‘ benefits should be presented beforehand. I will mention these points in my dissertation First of my dissertation will explain the meaning of the company mergers and the merger types and the reasons will be defined. In the process of the merger, the responsibilities of the companies will be presented and costing process will be explained. Secondly, historical development of the company mergers will be defined and the main company mergers in Turkey will be specified. Nevertheless, two examples of merger process will be explained with advantages and disadvantages respectively. LITERATURE REVIEW There are several motives that may be inside a MAs process. The common one is clear that the buyer company sees the MAs as a profit returnable business. Generally, researchers who have worked about MAs shows it as a different type of investment. Companies will work on acquisitions when they are the most profitable means of improving the business, gaining new techniques, producing different products or working on new countries, or creating new ideas and innovations. So, lots of the same reasons that influence an investment decisions would also influence merger activity ( Weston, Chung Hoag, Mergers, Restructuring Corporate Control 1990). According to Pitts (1977); internal growth and growth through acquisitions were equally attractive alternatives. Moreover Porter (1987) examined 33 larger firms and found that these firms had diversified their operations more through acquisitive growth than through alternative means. However, Porter (1987) discovered that acquisitions often resulted in unsatisfactory performance that in turn led to a large number of post-acquisition divestitures. Roll suggested that gains achieved through acquisitions or takeovers may have been overestimated if they exist at all (1986:198). Although there is some evidence to contrary, the most neutral and sometimes negative results achieved by the acquiring firm indicate that mergers and acquisitions involve trade-offs. For example, Fowler and Schmidt (1989) found that performance declined after a tender offer acquisition (using both accounting and stock market measures ) However, this general decline could be improved by previous acquisition experie nce and affected by percentage of ownership and firm age. Hopkins (1987) found that acquisitions often led to a decline market position. Mueller (1985) reported that companies acquired in conglomerate and horizontal acquisitions experienced substantial losses in market share. Another trade off is demonstrated by Pitts (1977) results showing that firms following an acquisitive strategy invested less in RD than did internal growth firms. Harding Rovit (2004) Mastering The Merger, briefly defined the four critical decisions that make merger successful or simple break the deal. This book is generally talks about the complicated, fast moving and sometimes high rewarded side of corporate deal making. By the help of this book I will have opportunity to learn how to deal in ways that will be useful for my dissertation. Basically, Mastering the Merger is insist of numerous ideas that a manager faces on the top of the dealing process. Moreover, by focusing on the four decisions that is important most, it will help me to clear and simplify complex ideas about merger process. However this book is not a technical book where I can find techniques or it will not give one by one control list. According to Harding and Rovit, most senior executives think that they are pretty good decision makers because of having a strong track record. But when it is time to make decisions sometimes standards changes. The point what I will use from this book is to learn practical ways to manage a deal. Grundy Slack (2005) gives information about mergers and acquisitions clearly. Generally the book talks about the adding value of mergers and acquisitions to companies. In contrast by arguing about adding and destroying value of mergers and acquisitions, it gives chance to me to inspect both sides of the problem. Moreover it includes about historical overview, case studies, examples from EU and ASIA and alternative perspectives of mergers and acquisition activity that I will mention in my dissertation. Also this book is more technical and consist of theories more than Mastering the Merger. By reading this book I am planning to define success of MAs and measure the impact of acquisitions on shareholders returns with examples from history. Watson Head (2007) suggested that the fundamental problem that faces financial managers is how to secure the greatest possible return in exchange for accepting the smallest amount of risk. Obviously this book will help me to write about merger activity more about accounting side. Also it mentions the trends about take over activities and gives real life examples from different companies. It also briefly mentioned about divestment point that the other books didnt. Furthermore it clearly shows the financing of acquisitions. Also there is one more point, which I couldnt find in any other reference books, about empirical research on acquisitions. Lumby Jones (2007) describes the merger process and technical terms such as synergy, revenue strategy, cost synergy, tax synergy, financial synergy, valuing synergy e.g. This book takes merger process and defines it simply by explaining technical terms to the reader. Furthermore it shows the potential complications that surround an acquisition decision. Previously, financing acquisition took place in Watson Head (2007) and also this book gives wide information about this process. Also take over defence is the other point what I will use information from this book. According to Lumby and Jones, takeover defence works if a company is subject to takeover bid that is unwelcome to the management team. Therefore they defined early warning system, city code and three stage defence strategy. Arnold (2005) examines the reasons for mergers ranging from the gaining of economies of scale to managerial empire building. It tries to find answer to this question if shareholders of acquiring firms gain from mergers or not. According to him less than one half of corporate mergers do the shareholders of acquiring firm benefit. Moreover it examines the merger decision process clearly and giving the definitions of merger, acquisition and takeover by mentioning the differences between them. He also mentions UK merger activity statics from 1970 to 2002. As the other books show, this books mentions what drives firm to merger widely. On the other hand he mentions the tactics that a company have take before and after the merger. In other words he gives clues to make merger process as successful as it can be. Copeland, Weston Shastri (2005) clearly defines the merger activity with theories and alternative growth strategies. Furthermore, it carries out a systematic research about mergers from past till today and study on the current merger models. Also it lists merger activity data from different countries together with MAs adjustment process. It also briefly mentions the ways to be more successful on MAs process. Brigham Ehrhardt (2007) mentions the merger process as the other book does. However, it point out the track record for acquiring firms in large deals has not always been good. In other word Brigham Ehrhardt mentions the negative ways of merger process with unsuccessful examples from different companies and merger mistakes. Moreover it explains the process with mini case studies . METHODOLOGY This dissertation will be semi qualitative and semi quantitative. There are varieties of data that I need to collect either qualitative and quantitative. The reason is that I will examine the managers behaviours and decisions at the same time I want to clear the MAs process as theory covers. Also I would like to show statics and use real business examples about management faults. Generally, I am planning to use case studies to explain the process widely with examples and simplify the theory. First of all I want to examine the automotive industry and I will use a case study to show the process from this industry. I will try to define the process with statics analyses and I will examine the results of this merger process. Also I will use online secondary data from websites of these companies and various related websites that will help me to make richer my dissertation. Moreover, I am planning to collect online secondary data from consultant companies about MAs and chosen company. I will also use the accounts of the companies which I will examine as case studies in my dissertation. They will be useful for me to make decisions about the previous and present economical performance. At the same time it will be useful and easier to explain the strategic decisions of the company. Also I will have chance to compare the success of MAs process by looking at the accounts of the companies. Moreover, I am planning to use the journals and economy news to add complementary ideas to my dissertation as secondary data. So by the help of authors and writers point of views, I will hold the control of my research easily. Basically, there are some limitations on MAs process to collect data about companies. it will be useful to use up to date information. So the data ,which I will be collected, will not be affected by the changes . Furthermore, I will request information from the companies which I will use in my dissertation as case studies. If it will be possible to gain information, I will have valuable information for my project and at the same time it will be primary data . I will try to use sources as many as I can to make my research richer to explain the MAs process effectively and answer the questions that I asked in the beginning of my proposal. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Mergers and acquisitions are becoming more popular year by year .But this process is very hard and the world is getting one economically. This situation brings more research prerequisite at the same time being successful is becoming harder for companies. Most of the researchers think that mergers and acquisitions coming to its end but in my point of view it is opposite. In contrast there is an issue about mergers as they cannot be successful anymore. Lots of researches have found that 50 percent half of mergers are not successful economically. Black and Carnes (2001) briefly defined that for 5 years period the profit were negative for MAs through 1985-95. Moreover Thomas Hogarty mentioned mergers as risk takers in 1970. So there must be a reason about why MA s are still being done. According to Jay B. Barney; if cost of MAs process is higher than the returns gained from by buying the company then it is not possible to expect a high economic performance. Assumption to this sentence, if there was a market to trade companies which guarantees to work rivalry then no one expects extraordinary profits. Basically, capital is the only driver behind MAs. But this process is not so simple although managers make decisions rationally, there are lots of facts that affects making decisions. There is an experiment which was made to a Turkish company that used outsource for its back office on integration. The results satisfied the management and showed that they reached an optimum growth rate by outsourcing .Cost saving is a way of increasing the financial performance after merger process. Managers of a company have to exploit situations such as overvaluation and opposite when firms over value or manager make syste matic faults then they have to turn back and correct these mistakes. Moreover, they are optimistic about outcomes which they fell like it is under their management. All these above shows the importance of corporate governance and managers must behave carefully not harm the company. If there will be a failure, it damages the company either the manager. I will use this theory to undertake merger process in my dissertation. The data of MAs performance process will be taken from dissimilar industrial companies. I will examine different companies from different parts of the world so we can say that this research will be general and global. Also different merger and acquisitions show differ from each other. Moreover, it affects the motives for MAs. To conclude my sentences above I will use the behavioural power of people and theories to find out peoples reactions and movements. Theoretically this research will fill the lack of misunderstanding of the merger process. Past acquisition and merger performance will analysed between companies with motives .

Embracing Readymades and the Notion of Living Forever Essay

It is a shared combination of works that is displayed throughout the museum, setting up conversation between the museum’s collection and Hirst’s contemporary art pieces. The relationship and connection between the works will give visitors a dialogue between the different works, engaging them in a conversation of art and science between the past, present and future. Hirst, one of the most celebrated contemporary artists, whose works propose a personal interpretation of past works, find their insight in science and their basis in art history. Relationships with life and death are being examined, and questions dealth to our cultural, artistic and philosophical ideals. * Works of Damien Hirst mirrored Marcel Duchamp’s idea of the ‘readymade’, that the concept is much more important than the outcome of the work itself, and that ordinary objects/subjects could be taken from everyday use and be used for art. Although Hirst’s works explores the themes of life and death, pathology and science, with the help of ‘readymade’ objects, his works arouse a sense of spiritual enlightenment in the spectator, along with the notion of living forever, which compliments with the centenary of the museum. * With that, I will firstly talk about the idea of the ‘readymades’, and how it is being used in the works that is being exhibited in Cornucopia. Next, I will be analyzing them, discussing the potential meaning behind the ‘readymades’ to my proposed theme of spirituality and the idea of living forever. Koons seduces and persuades the spectators with such works, and desire will ultimately be gone once the spectators looks at themselves and realize that they are desire itself. * * CONCLUSION * The use of ‘readymades’ to promote or provoke an idea, a thought, is what Damien Hirst seeks out to achieve in the exhibition, Cornucopia. As it was held in accordance to the Oceanographic Museum’s 100th anniversary, Hirst’s artworks seek out to question its visitors, what has changed and what remained. Only by constant questioning will we improve and move forward. A sense of spiritual attainment and the idea of living forever can be felt whne looking at Hirst’s works, it evades time and seems to be stuck in limbo, allowing us to reflect on ourselves and our morality. As I have compared, the works of artist Jeff Koons also seeks to enlighten the viewers with his version of the ‘readymades’. ‘Readymades’ is an excellent way to provoke thinking and spreading message as everyday objects are familiar to the general consensus and people could relate better to them, rather then traditional symbols of art.

Factors of Success

Heather N English 001A Midterm Essay 13 February 2013 The Factors of Success Success is a term that many use as a way to describe ideals. Living in a world that exalts the extraordinary, praises the leaders, and puts the best up on a pedestal, it is not hard to guess why achieving success is what the human race strives to do. Youth look up to the exceptional people in their life, media grasps stories of thriving individuals, and the world idolizes those who stand out. People endeavor great struggles and hardships to obtain that blissful feeling of reward and individuals are taught from day one to do whatever it takes to thrive.The book Outliers by Malcolm Gladwell is a story of success and how it is achieved. Though having many different theories on success, the story focuses on the sociological phenomena of the importance of all the factors it takes to truly be an accomplished individual. Malcolm Gladwell uses different anecdotes and real life examples in his book Outliers to illust rate how success is not just solely ambition and other intrinsic factors, but a function of broader points influenced by innate, societal, and cultural factors.To support the theory on success not only being the indigenous feeling to achieve, Gladwell uses the example of The Matthew Effect, which is basically opportunities based on timing. He explains how the best Canadian hockey players have a birthday closer to January 1st and, â€Å"in the beginning, his advantage isn’t so much that he is inherently better but only that he is a little older† (25). The older the player is, the more experienced, dedicated, and capable he will be, and be scouted to move on to a higher rank. They then start to train with the best coaches and facilities, giving them success.This is showing how a factor of success is just evidently age, timing, and, â€Å"it is those who are successful, in other words, who are most likely to be given the kinds of special opportunities that lead to furthe r success† (30). Another example of the success by timing and opportunities is the story of the Beatles. The Beatles were invited to play in Hamburg and it was by pure accident that, â€Å"Bruno went to London to look for bands. But he happened to meet an entrepreneur from Liverpool in Soho who was down in London by pure chance† (48).Obviously the Beatles are one of the most aesthetically pleasing bands of the 20th century and they have considerable talent, but if it were not for that one accidental connection that was established, who knows what would have happened to their success. These examples go to show that opportunities and luck are huge factors in describing what success is. Another factor of describing what constitutes success are societal and cultural perception. Gladwell uses his narrative of Joe Flom’s classmate at Harvard, Alexander Bickel.He was the top of his class and, â€Å"perhaps the finest constitutional scholar of his generation† (121 ). As a Jewish man with a thick Brooklyn accent, he did not fit the cookie cutter image they were looking for and the firm was not interested. This goes to show the correlation between perception and success by simply being denied a job because of cultural factors. It is universally known that people judge based on opinions, which causes hindering on success. The way someone was raised in their culture might negatively affect their opportunity for success purely based on someone else’s opinion on their culture.A Wall Street Journal article titled, Race and ‘Privilege’, talks about the phenomenon of the term ‘white privilege’ and how it ties to success. The article says, â€Å"We’re [whites] privileged that people see us, not a color,† and, â€Å"we’re privileged because society was set up for us, and our silence keeps it in place†. As much as society choses to ignore it, a factor of success is cultural race. Some races are considered privileged because they do not have that hindering stereotype targeted on their back and are more likely to get a perception of something different and be presented with more opportunities.Other races are considered successful solely by the societal factors of just where they live and the culture they grew up in. Cultural and societal factors tie into success as well. The article Asian-American Parenting and Academic Success in Pacific Standard, delves deep into discussing the unique style of Asian American parenting. It goes to say, â€Å"Over the past two decades, a spate of studies has examined cultural beliefs that shape Asian-American parenting, and their effect on kids’ learning†.Then it goes on to explain how cultural ancient beliefs have shaped how parents raise their kids to this day. The 5th century philosopher, Confucius, has influenced Asian culture and, â€Å"taught that human beings should strive their whole lifetime to improve or perfect the mselves†. These ideas that have transmitted down through generations have statistics to prove that the Asian culture is no stranger to working hard to achieve success and, â€Å"such veneration of diligence helps account for the widespread Asian belief that when striving for academic success, effort counts more than innate ability†.The culture embraces the idea of shape parenting and managing by a more hands on style. Because of this more governed culture, Asian Americans come out on top resulting in becoming more successful. However, one of the most important factors of success is the intrinsic motivation that one possesses and the actual time put into what is trying to be achieved. The 10,000-hour rule is another one of Gladwell’s theories used to explain success in Outliers.Based on a study by Anders Ericsson, â€Å"The emerging picture from such studies is that ten thousand hours of practice is required to achieve the level of mastery associated with being a world-class expert in anything† (40). Or in other words, the most successful people have spent grueling time, hour after hour, to work and become experts at their craft. He uses the example of one of the most influential people, Bill Gates. When he stumbled upon a high school computer in 1968, Gates lived at the computer to learn and program his way into leading one of the top grossing industries in the world.It goes to show how much practice is needed to go into a craft to reach that threshold of expertise, which then leads to success. If a person has neither stamina nor drive to push them to work to become powerful in what they do, success cannot be achieved. Malcolm Gladwell uses different anecdotes and real life examples in his book Outliers to illustrate how success is not just solely ambition and other intrinsic factors, but a function of broader points influenced by innate, societal, and cultural factors.Combinations of all these factors are what really influence the i dea of success. Success is elusive because to acquire such rare opportunities, be raised specifically to always do well, have a culture that pushes to perform exceptionally, and have the motivation to dedicate 10,000 hours to the craft, can be grueling. However, not having the perfect combination of the factors of success does not mean that success cannot be achieved. Everyone has a different viewpoint of what success means to them and their own innate way of getting on the path to their life fulfillment.All it takes is the will to have the presence of the mind and the rest is up to the person. No one is able to have a guaranteed success. If they desperately aspire to be the best, there is a path for them. Works Cited Gladwell, Malcolm. Outliers: The Story of Success. New York: Little, Brown and, 2008. Print. Seal, Kathy. â€Å"Asian-American Parenting and Academic Success. †Ã‚  Pacific Standard. Pacific Standard Magazine, 13 Dec. 2010. Web. 9 Feb. 2013. Taranto, James. †Å"Race and ‘Privilege'†Ã‚  Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company, 21 June 2012. Web. 9 Feb. 2013.

Overview Of Clintons Impeachment Proceedings Essay

An Overview of the Impeachment Proceedings of William J. Clinton The impeachment trial of President Clinton originated from a civil lawsuit filed in 1994 by Paula Jones. Jones alleged that in 1991 Governor Clinton asked a state trooper to bring her up to his room at Excelsior Hotel, where she alleged he dropped his trousers and asked her to kiss it (Chronology of the Paula Jones Case, BBC, January, 1998). The case made it to the Supreme Court because of the Presidents request to delay the trial until the end of his term. The Supreme Court ruled that the trial could proceed, and Jones lawyers began their investigation. On December 5, 1997, Jones lawyers submitted a list of women that they would like to depose. Included on the†¦show more content†¦Starrs report to the United States House of Representatives pursuant to Title 28, United States Code,  § 595(c), contained everything from a detailed background, depositions, explicit details of every encounter between Ms. Lewinsky and the President, and the grounds for impeachment. Afte r the House of Representatives received the document, they forwarded it on to the House Judiciary Committee. The House Judiciary Committee convened on October 5, 1998 to decide whether there was enough evidence to start an official impeachment inquiry. A simple majority was needed for the investigation to continue. The House Judiciary Committee heard the Republican investigative counsel, along with opinions from the opposing sides. With so few cases to draw from, both Democrats and Republicans used examples from Watergate to further their arguments. In 1974, the House of Representatives authorized the Judiciary Committee to consider impeachment proceedings against President Richard Nixon because of his partys involvement in a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters (http://watergate.info/impeachment/). The meeting regarding President Clintons impeachment ended with a 21-16 vote down party lines in favor of starting the formal inquiry (Judiciary Panel, in Part y Vote, Urges Impeachment Hearings, NY Times online, Mitchell, 1998, para. 2). House Resolution 581, which outlined the